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제롬 파월 연준 의장의 잭슨홀 연설(영문)

기사입력 : 2023년08월25일 23:17

최종수정 : 2023년08월26일 00:20

[휴스턴=뉴스핌] 고인원 특파원= 제롬 파월 연준 의장은 2023년 8월 25일 잭슨홀 심포지엄에서 '글로벌 경제의 구조적 변화'을 주제로 연설했다.

이날 파월은 "인플레이션이 여전히 높으며 적절하다고 판단되면 추가 금리 인상이 가능하다"는 매파 발언으로 시장에 충격파를 던졌다.

다음은 미 연준 홈페이지에 게재된 파월 의장의 연설문 전문이다. 원문 그대로 게재한다.

Good morning. At last year's Jackson Hole symposium, I delivered a brief, direct message. My remarks this year will be a bit longer, but the message is the same: It is the Fed's job to bring inflation down to our 2 percent goal, and we will do so. We have tightened policy significantly over the past year. Although inflation has moved down from its peak—a welcome development—it remains too high. We are prepared to raise rates further if appropriate, and intend to hold policy at a restrictive level until we are confident that inflation is moving sustainably down toward our objective.

Today I will review our progress so far and discuss the outlook and the uncertainties we face as we pursue our dual mandate goals. I will conclude with a summary of what this means for policy. Given how far we have come, at upcoming meetings we are in a position to proceed carefully as we assess the incoming data and the evolving outlook and risks.

The Decline in Inflation So Far
The ongoing episode of high inflation initially emerged from a collision between very strong demand and pandemic-constrained supply. By the time the Federal Open Market Committee raised the policy rate in March 2022, it was clear that bringing down inflation would depend on both the unwinding of the unprecedented pandemic-related demand and supply distortions and on our tightening of monetary policy, which would slow the growth of aggregate demand, allowing supply time to catch up. While these two forces are now working together to bring down inflation, the process still has a long way to go, even with the more favorable recent readings.

On a 12-month basis, U.S. total, or "headline," PCE (personal consumption expenditures) inflation peaked at 7 percent in June 2022 and declined to 3.3 percent as of July, following a trajectory roughly in line with global trends (figure 1, panel A).1 The effects of Russia's war against Ukraine have been a primary driver of the changes in headline inflation around the world since early 2022. Headline inflation is what households and businesses experience most directly, so this decline is very good news. But food and energy prices are influenced by global factors that remain volatile, and can provide a misleading signal of where inflation is headed. In my remaining comments, I will focus on core PCE inflation, which omits the food and energy components.

On a 12-month basis, core PCE inflation peaked at 5.4 percent in February 2022 and declined gradually to 4.3 percent in July (figure 1, panel B). The lower monthly readings for core inflation in June and July were welcome, but two months of good data are only the beginning of what it will take to build confidence that inflation is moving down sustainably toward our goal. We can't yet know the extent to which these lower readings will continue or where underlying inflation will settle over coming quarters. Twelve-month core inflation is still elevated, and there is substantial further ground to cover to get back to price stability.

To understand the factors that will likely drive further progress, it is useful to separately examine the three broad components of core PCE inflation—inflation for goods, for housing services, and for all other services, sometimes referred to as nonhousing services (figure 2).

Core goods inflation has fallen sharply, particularly for durable goods, as both tighter monetary policy and the slow unwinding of supply and demand dislocations are bringing it down. The motor vehicle sector provides a good illustration. Earlier in the pandemic, demand for vehicles rose sharply, supported by low interest rates, fiscal transfers, curtailed spending on in-person services, and shifts in preference away from using public transportation and from living in cities. But because of a shortage of semiconductors, vehicle supply actually fell. Vehicle prices spiked, and a large pool of pent-up demand emerged. As the pandemic and its effects have waned, production and inventories have grown, and supply has improved. At the same time, higher interest rates have weighed on demand. Interest rates on auto loans have nearly doubled since early last year, and customers report feeling the effect of higher rates on affordability.2 On net, motor vehicle inflation has declined sharply because of the combined effects of these supply and demand factors.

Similar dynamics are playing out for core goods inflation overall. As they do, the effects of monetary restraint should show through more fully over time. Core goods prices fell the past two months, but on a 12-month basis, core goods inflation remains well above its pre-pandemic level. Sustained progress is needed, and restrictive monetary policy is called for to achieve that progress.

In the highly interest-sensitive housing sector, the effects of monetary policy became apparent soon after liftoff. Mortgage rates doubled over the course of 2022, causing housing starts and sales to fall and house price growth to plummet. Growth in market rents soon peaked and then steadily declined (figure 3).3

Measured housing services inflation lagged these changes, as is typical, but has recently begun to fall. This inflation metric reflects rents paid by all tenants, as well as estimates of the equivalent rents that could be earned from homes that are owner occupied.4 Because leases turn over slowly, it takes time for a decline in market rent growth to work its way into the overall inflation measure. The market rent slowdown has only recently begun to show through to that measure. The slowing growth in rents for new leases over roughly the past year can be thought of as "in the pipeline" and will affect measured housing services inflation over the coming year. Going forward, if market rent growth settles near pre-pandemic levels, housing services inflation should decline toward its pre-pandemic level as well. We will continue to watch the market rent data closely for a signal of the upside and downside risks to housing services inflation.

The final category, nonhousing services, accounts for over half of the core PCE index and includes a broad range of services, such as health care, food services, transportation, and accommodations. Twelve-month inflation in this sector has moved sideways since liftoff. Inflation measured over the past three and six months has declined, however, which is encouraging. Part of the reason for the modest decline of nonhousing services inflation so far is that many of these services were less affected by global supply chain bottlenecks and are generally thought to be less interest sensitive than other sectors such as housing or durable goods. Production of these services is also relatively labor intensive, and the labor market remains tight. Given the size of this sector, some further progress here will be essential to restoring price stability. Over time, restrictive monetary policy will help bring aggregate supply and demand back into better balance, reducing inflationary pressures in this key sector.

The Outlook
Turning to the outlook, although further unwinding of pandemic-related distortions should continue to put some downward pressure on inflation, restrictive monetary policy will likely play an increasingly important role. Getting inflation sustainably back down to 2 percent is expected to require a period of below-trend economic growth as well as some softening in labor market conditions.

Economic growth
Restrictive monetary policy has tightened financial conditions, supporting the expectation of below-trend growth.5 Since last year's symposium, the two-year real yield is up about 250 basis points, and longer-term real yields are higher as well—by nearly 150 basis points.6 Beyond changes in interest rates, bank lending standards have tightened, and loan growth has slowed sharply.7 Such a tightening of broad financial conditions typically contributes to a slowing in the growth of economic activity, and there is evidence of that in this cycle as well. For example, growth in industrial production has slowed, and the amount spent on residential investment has declined in each of the past five quarters (figure 4).

But we are attentive to signs that the economy may not be cooling as expected. So far this year, GDP (gross domestic product) growth has come in above expectations and above its longer-run trend, and recent readings on consumer spending have been especially robust. In addition, after decelerating sharply over the past 18 months, the housing sector is showing signs of picking back up. Additional evidence of persistently above-trend growth could put further progress on inflation at risk and could warrant further tightening of monetary policy.

The labor market
The rebalancing of the labor market has continued over the past year but remains incomplete. Labor supply has improved, driven by stronger participation among workers aged 25 to 54 and by an increase in immigration back toward pre-pandemic levels. Indeed, the labor force participation rate of women in their prime working years reached an all-time high in June. Demand for labor has moderated as well. Job openings remain high but are trending lower. Payroll job growth has slowed significantly. Total hours worked has been flat over the past six months, and the average workweek has declined to the lower end of its pre-pandemic range, reflecting a gradual normalization in labor market conditions (figure 5).

This rebalancing has eased wage pressures. Wage growth across a range of measures continues to slow, albeit gradually (figure 6). While nominal wage growth must ultimately slow to a rate that is consistent with 2 percent inflation, what matters for households is real wage growth. Even as nominal wage growth has slowed, real wage growth has been increasing as inflation has fallen.

We expect this labor market rebalancing to continue. Evidence that the tightness in the labor market is no longer easing could also call for a monetary policy response.

Uncertainty and Risk Management along the Path Forward
Two percent is and will remain our inflation target. We are committed to achieving and sustaining a stance of monetary policy that is sufficiently restrictive to bring inflation down to that level over time. It is challenging, of course, to know in real time when such a stance has been achieved. There are some challenges that are common to all tightening cycles. For example, real interest rates are now positive and well above mainstream estimates of the neutral policy rate. We see the current stance of policy as restrictive, putting downward pressure on economic activity, hiring, and inflation. But we cannot identify with certainty the neutral rate of interest, and thus there is always uncertainty about the precise level of monetary policy restraint.

That assessment is further complicated by uncertainty about the duration of the lags with which monetary tightening affects economic activity and especially inflation. Since the symposium a year ago, the Committee has raised the policy rate by 300 basis points, including 100 basis points over the past seven months. And we have substantially reduced the size of our securities holdings. The wide range of estimates of these lags suggests that there may be significant further drag in the pipeline.

Beyond these traditional sources of policy uncertainty, the supply and demand dislocations unique to this cycle raise further complications through their effects on inflation and labor market dynamics. For example, so far, job openings have declined substantially without increasing unemployment—a highly welcome but historically unusual result that appears to reflect large excess demand for labor. In addition, there is evidence that inflation has become more responsive to labor market tightness than was the case in recent decades.8 These changing dynamics may or may not persist, and this uncertainty underscores the need for agile policymaking.

These uncertainties, both old and new, complicate our task of balancing the risk of tightening monetary policy too much against the risk of tightening too little. Doing too little could allow above-target inflation to become entrenched and ultimately require monetary policy to wring more persistent inflation from the economy at a high cost to employment. Doing too much could also do unnecessary harm to the economy.

Conclusion
As is often the case, we are navigating by the stars under cloudy skies. In such circumstances, risk-management considerations are critical. At upcoming meetings, we will assess our progress based on the totality of the data and the evolving outlook and risks. Based on this assessment, we will proceed carefully as we decide whether to tighten further or, instead, to hold the policy rate constant and await further data. Restoring price stability is essential to achieving both sides of our dual mandate. We will need price stability to achieve a sustained period of strong labor market conditions that benefit all.

We will keep at it until the job is done.

koinwon@newspim.com

[뉴스핌 베스트 기사]

사진
李대통령, 이시바 총리와 전화통화 [서울=뉴스핌] 이영태 선임기자 = 이재명 대통령은 9일 이시바 시게루(石破茂) 일본 총리와 25분간 취임 후 첫 전화통화를 갖고 성숙한 한일관계 구축에 의견을 같이했다. 강유정 대변인은 이날 오후 용산 대통령실 브리핑에서 "이 대통령은 9일 오후 이시바 시게루 일본 총리와 약 25분간 첫 통화를 가졌다"며 이같이 밝혔다. 이 대통령이 지난 4일 취임 이후 해외 정상과 전화 통화를 한 것은 지난 6일 도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령에 이어 이시바 총리가 두 번째다. 이재명 대통령이 9일 이시바 시게루(石破茂) 일본 총리와 취임 후 첫 전화통화를 갖고 있다. 2025.6.9 [사진=이재명 대통령 X] 먼저 이 대통령은 이시바 총리의 대통령 취임 축하에 사의를 표하고, 오늘날의 전략적 환경 속에서 한일관계의 중요성이 더욱 증대되고 있음을 강조했다. 아울러 "한일 양국이 상호 국익의 관점에서 미래의 도전과제에 같이 대응하고 상생할 수 있는 방향을 모색해 나갈 수 있기를 기대한다"고 말했다. 강 대변인은 "양 정상은 상호 존중과 신뢰, 책임 있는 자세를 바탕으로 보다 견고하고 성숙한 한일관계를 만들어 나가자는 데 의견을 모았다"며 "특히 한일 국교 정상화 60주년을 맞는 올해, 양국 국민들 간의 활발한 교류 흐름에 주목하면서 당국 간 의사소통도 더욱 강화해 나가자고 했다"고 전했다. 또한 "양 정상은 그간 한미일 협력의 성과를 평가하고, 앞으로도 한미일 협력의 틀 안에서 다양한 지정학적 위기에 대응해 나가기 위한 노력을 더해 나가자고 했다"고 부연했다. 양 정상은 향후 직접 만나 한일관계 발전 방향을 비롯한 상호관심사에 대해 심도있는 대화를 나누기로 했다. 이재명 대통령이 9일 이시바 시게루(石破茂) 일본 총리와 취임 후 첫 전화통화를 갖고 있다. 2025.6.9 [사진=이재명 대통령 X] 교도통신 등 일본 언론들도 이날 이 대통령과 이시바 총리가 첫 전화 통화를 했다고 일본 정부 관계자를 인용해 전했다. 일본 TBS뉴스에 따르면 이시바 총리는 이날 통화에서 "이 대통령과 한일, 한미일 협력을 활성화하고 싶다"는 의향을 전했다. 방송은 도널드 트럼프 미국 행정부의 관세정책 대응 등에 대해서도 양국 정상 간 의견이 오갔을 것으로 보인다고 보도했다. 앞서 이시바 총리는 지난 4일 기자들에게 이 대통령 취임과 관련해 "한국 민주주의의 결과이며 한국 국민의 선택에 경의를 표하고 당선과 취임을 축하드린다"고 밝힌 바 있다 이재명 정권 출범에 따른 셔틀외교 재개를 묻는 질문엔 "정부가 구성돼 기능할 수 있게 되면 한·일 정상회담을 가능한 조속히 하는 것이 좋다"고 말했다. 그는 또 올해가 한일 국교 정상화 60주년인 점을 언급하며 "이번 60주년을 계기로 이재명 대통령과 함께 한일 및 한미일 협력을 활성화하고 싶다. 이것이 (국교 정상화) 60주년의 큰 의의라고 생각한다"고 강조했다. medialyt@newspim.com 2025-06-09 14:09
사진
구름 많고 낮 더위...서울·경기 오전 소나기 [서울=뉴스핌] 박우진 기자 = 화요일 10일 전국은 대체로 구름이 많거나 흐리다가 낮에는 무더운 날씨가 나타나겠다. 중부지방과 충남은 오전 한때 소나기가 내리겠다. 기상청과 케이웨더에 따르면, 이날 전국은 서해상에 위치한 고기압의 가장자리에 들겠으나 제주도는 남쪽 해상을 지나는 기압골의 영향을 받겠다. 전국이 구름이 많거나 흐리겠다. 서울과 경기, 강원영서, 충남북부에는 오전 한때 소나기가 오겠다. 예상 강수량은 5~15mm다 아침 최저기온은 17~21도, 낮 최고기온은 22~33도가 되겠다. [서울=뉴스핌] 김학선 기자 = 봄비가 내린 22일 서울 여의도 국회 인근에서 우산을 쓴 시민들이 발걸음을 재촉하고 있다. 기상청은 이날 전국에서 봄비가 내리며 영남은 최대 80㎜, 수도권은 최대 50㎜에 달하는 많은 비가 내릴 것으로 예보했다. 2025.04.22 yooksa@newspim.com 지역별 아침 최저기온은 ▲서울 20도 ▲인천 15도 ▲춘천 18도 ▲강릉 22도 ▲대전 20도 ▲대구 20도 ▲부산 20도 ▲전주 19도 ▲광주 20도 ▲제주 19도다. 낮 최고기온은 ▲서울 26도 ▲인천 20도 ▲춘천 26도 ▲강릉 31도 ▲대전 29도 ▲대구 33도 ▲부산 26도 ▲전주 30도 ▲광주 29도 ▲제주 26도다. 미세먼지 농도는 오전에 세종, 대전, 충북에서 '한때 나쁨'을 기록하겠고, 그 밖의 지역은 '보통'을 나타내겠다. 오후에는 전국이 '보통'이다. 바다의 물결은 동해상에서 0.5~1.5m, 서해와 남해상에서 0.5~1.5m로 일겠다. krawjp@newspim.com 2025-06-10 06:22
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